谁有关于土豆的英语文章。。。。
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The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae
family (also known as the nightshades). The word potato may refer to
the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there
are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes are
the world's fourth largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize.
Long-term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold
warehouses
and such warehouses are among the oldest and largest storage facilities
for perishable goods in the world.
Wild potato species occur from the United States to Uruguay
and Chile.
Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars
and wild species suggest that the potato has a single origin in the
area of southern Peru,
from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Although Peru is
essentially the birthplace of the potato, today over 99% of all
cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous
to south-central Chile.
Based on historical records, local agriculturalists, and DNA analyses,
the most widely cultivated variety worldwide, Solanum tuberosum ssp.
tuberosum, is believed to be indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago where it was
cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago.
Introduced to Europe by Spain in 1536, the potato was subsequently
conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the
world. Thousands of varieties persist in the Andes, where over 100
cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might
be maintained by a single agricultural household.
Once established in Europe, the potato soon became an important food
staple and field crop. But lack of genetic diversity, due to the fact
that very few varieties were initially introduced, left the crop
vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight,
caused by the fungus-like oomycete
Phytophthora infestans, spread
rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland, resulting in
the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine.
The annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of
the twenty-first century would include about 33 kg (or 73 lb) of potato.
However, the local importance of potato is extremely variable and
rapidly changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially
eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the
highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few
decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. China is now the
world's largest potato-producing country, and nearly a third of the
world's potatoes are harvested in China and India.